Lawyer Tundu Lissu and his colleagues of the Tanganyika Law Society (TLS) have merged again on the famous saga of Bashite things relating to allegations of forged educational certificates

MAAJABU YA MTANDAONI,BOFYA HAPO CHINI HUTAAMINI MACHO YAKO

Livestock farming in England and Wales Livestock farming for meat production has been an established industry in England and Wales for many years. Over the years farming techniques have been altered and modernised. Animal health and welfare, and sustainability remain high priorities for farmers. Animals have been bred to produce leaner meat which has a positive impact on our diet and health. This module contains an overview of information on how cattle, pigs and sheep are farmed. Cattle, pigs and sheep have been farmed for many years in the England and Wales. Cattle were originally used to help pull ploughs. Cattle were also a source of both dairy and meat products. Cattle are now bred exclusively to provide high quality milk or meat. On average, fully trimmed raw lean beef contains just 5% fat. Farmers have selected the leanest pigs for breeding. Pig meat has progressively become leaner to the extent that lean pork contains only 4% fat. Sheep originally were farmed for wool, however, wool is now considered a by-product of sheep farming with the important product being lamb. Again, better breeding and butchery techniques have led to improvements in meat quality with fully trimmed raw lean lamb having just 8% fat. Livestock farming in the England and Wales In the dairy industry, a cow needs to have a calf in order to produce milk. A dairy cow will generally have one calf a year for four years before their milk production begins to decline. Only one calf is needed to replace the mother dairy cow after four years. The remaining calves are made available for sale. A cow will be inseminated, either by a bull or artificial insemination. Gestation, or the pregnancy, will last for about 9 months. Before calving, the cow enters a ‘dry period’ where the animal rests and prepares for the birth. After birth, the calf may remain with the mother or be separated, depending whether the cow is required for milk production. The lifecycle of cattle About half the beef in the UK comes from specialist beef cows called ‘suckler’ (because they suckle their own calves). Calves in ‘beef suckler herds’ remain with their mothers for 6 to 9 months of their life until they are separated for finishing. Finishing is where the cows and calves are fed a special diet in order to reach a weight suitable for the animals to be sent to market or abattoir. Most animals spend the summer months in fields grazing and many are housed in large barns in the winter when the grass has stopped growing. Maize silage is also sometimes used as feed. The diets can be supplemented with other ingredients, for example cereals like barely or protein feeds such as beans. Cattle diets ustilise feed which humans cannot consume, for example by-products of flour manufacture or margarine production.

TAFADHALI SHARE HABARI HII KWA RAFIKI ZAKO HAPO CHINI ILI IWAFIKIE NA WENGINE PIA

Pig industry sustains livelihoods of many families in Kenya. Pig rearing has been one of wellestablishedindustry in Kenya following growing export markets and increasing number of health conscious consumers. Pig production if efficiently managed has great potentials for increasing protein supply in Kenya. Smallholder pig farms in Tharaka-Nithi County have been facing varying and dismal profits. The main objective of this study will be to establish which institutional arrangements and management factors affect the profit efficiency of small-holder pig farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique will be adopted to collect cross sectional data of eighty (80) smallholder pig farmers in Maara Constituency by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. The work will employ Data Envelopment Analysis to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers and stochastic frontier profit function will be used to analyze the factors that affect profit efficiency. The data will be processed using STATA and DEA Frontier packages. The findings could be useful to the stakeholders of the pig industry sub sector to formulate policies pertaining to pig enterprise inputs, marketing issues and financial products and also can establish benchmarks which can be used as a package for enhancing and stabilizing profit efficiencies of smallholder pig farmers which in turn could help improve the Kenya economy. An Overview of Livestock Sub-sector in Kenya Perspectives, Opportunities and Innovations for Market Access for Market Access for Pastoral Producers Recent statistics point that the livestock sub-sector in Kenya accounts for approximately 10% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is 30% of the agricultural GDP. It employs about 50% of the national agricultural workforce and about 90% of the ASAL workforce. 95% of ASAL household income comes from this sub-sector. This is despite the fact that the sector receives only 1 % of the total annual budget allocation. The livestock resource base is estimated at 60 million units comprising of 29 million indigenous and exotic chicken, 10 million beef cattle, 3 million dairy and dairy crosses, 9 million goats, 7 million sheep, 0.8 mi camels, 0.52 mi donkeys and 0.3 million pigs. (Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2003) Kenya is broadly self-sufficient in most livestock products but is a net importer of red meat mostly inform of on-the-hoof animals trekked across the porous boundaries of neighbouring countries- Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Livestock supply in Kenya results from a complex set of interactions between Kenya and its neighbours and the traditional Middle East market and their respective livestock populations, demand and market prices. Kenya is part of a regional market where livestock flow according to markets and price differentials in a liberalized system throughout the region as a whole and where Nairobi represents a focus of demand for the region Supply of red-meat from domestic cattle, shoats and camels falls short of demand, and is almost permanently augmented by a traditional livestock trade drawn in from neighbouring countries, especially Somalia, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia in varying quantities according to demand, which maintains a supply/demand [1.6MB]SIJAAMINI WEMA SEPETU ANACHOKIFAYA HAPO KWENYE HII VIDEO BOFYA UONE