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MAAJABU YA MTANDAONI,BOFYA HAPO CHINI HUTAAMINI MACHO YAKO
Exercise
Physical activity promotes weight reduction and improves insulin sensitivity, thus
lowering blood glucose levels.
Together with dietary treatment, a programme of regular physical activity and exercise
should be considered for each person. Such a programme must be tailored to the
individual’s health status and fitness. People should, however, be educated about the
potential risk of hypoglycaemia and how to avoid it.
Drug treatment
Oral hypoglycaemic drugs (OHD) are considered only after a regimen of dietary
treatment combined with exercise has failed to achieve the therapy targets set.
There are two major groups of OHD: sulphonylureas (SUs) and biguanides (BGs). SU
act by stimula ting insulin release from the beta cells and also by promoting its action
through extrapancreatic mechanisms. BG exert their action by decreasing gluconeogenesis
and by increasing the peripheral utilization of glucose.
Several SU preparations are marketed in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean
Region. Selection of a specific SU preparation will depend on factors such as availability,
cost, and the physician’s experience. However, this group of drugs may be represented by
glibenclamide or tolbutamide.
SUs can cause hypoglycaemia and their use should therefore be closely monitored in
the elderly and in those with nephropathy. .Tolbutamide is a short-acting SU and may be
selected in patients with renal impairment.
Glibenclamide may be given in an initial dose of 1.25-2.5 mg which can be increased
up to a maximum daily dose of 15 mg. For tolbutamide, the initial daily dose is 0.5 g
which can be increased, if necessary, to 1.5 g in divided doses.
Metformin is the only BG preparation now marketed in most Eastern Mediterranean
Region countries. Metformin is primarily used in the obese not responding to dietary
therapy. The starting dose is 500-850 mg with or after food, once daily, which can be
increased to 500 mg tds or 850 mg bd. Because of the risk of lactic acidosis, it is
contraindicated in:
— patients with impaired renal function
— elderly people above the age of 70 years
— patients with heart failure, hepatic impairment, or predisposition to lactic acidosis.
For the same reason, treatment with metformin should be discontinued during surgery,
severe infections and intercurrent illnesses.
SU may be combined with metformin when therapy targets are not achieved with either
drug alone.
Both SUs and BGs should not be used during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
Some traditional and herbal therapies may be shown to lower blood glucose levels, but
their long-term efficacy and safety have not been studied and they are therefore not
recommended.
TAFADHALI SHARE HABARI HII KWA RAFIKI ZAKO HAPO CHINI ILI IWAFIKIE NA WENGINE PIA
Pig industry sustains livelihoods of many families in Kenya. Pig rearing has been one of wellestablishedindustry
in Kenya following growing export markets and increasing number of health
conscious consumers. Pig production if efficiently managed has great potentials for increasing
protein supply in Kenya. Smallholder pig farms in Tharaka-Nithi County have been facing
varying and dismal profits. The main objective of this study will be to establish which
institutional arrangements and management factors affect the profit efficiency of small-holder
pig farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique will be
adopted to collect cross sectional data of eighty (80) smallholder pig farmers in Maara
Constituency by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. The work will employ Data
Envelopment Analysis to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers and
stochastic frontier profit function will be used to analyze the factors that affect profit efficiency.
The data will be processed using STATA and DEA Frontier packages. The findings could be
useful to the stakeholders of the pig industry sub sector to formulate policies pertaining to pig
enterprise inputs, marketing issues and financial products and also can establish benchmarks
which can be used as a package for enhancing and stabilizing profit efficiencies of smallholder
pig farmers which in turn could help improve the Kenya economy.
An Overview of Livestock Sub-sector in Kenya Perspectives, Opportunities and Innovations for Market Access for Market Access for Pastoral Producers Recent statistics point that the livestock sub-sector in Kenya accounts for approximately 10% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is 30% of the agricultural GDP. It employs about 50% of the national agricultural workforce and about 90% of the ASAL workforce. 95% of ASAL household income comes from this sub-sector. This is despite the fact that the sector receives only 1 % of the total annual budget allocation. The livestock resource base is estimated at 60 million units comprising of 29 million indigenous and exotic chicken, 10 million beef cattle, 3 million dairy and dairy crosses, 9 million goats, 7 million sheep, 0.8 mi camels, 0.52 mi donkeys and 0.3 million pigs. (Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2003) Kenya is broadly self-sufficient in most livestock products but is a net importer of red meat mostly inform of on-the-hoof animals trekked across the porous boundaries of neighbouring countries- Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Livestock supply in Kenya results from a complex set of interactions between Kenya and its neighbours and the traditional Middle East market and their respective livestock populations, demand and market prices. Kenya is part of a regional market where livestock flow according to markets and price differentials in a liberalized system throughout the region as a whole and where Nairobi represents a focus of demand for the region Supply of red-meat from domestic cattle, shoats and camels falls short of demand, and is almost permanently augmented by a traditional livestock trade drawn in from neighbouring countries, especially Somalia, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia in varying quantities according to demand, which maintains a supply/demand
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