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5.Status of research on food crops in Tanzania (How needs
for research are identified, who initiates the processes,
where research is conducted).
5.1 How needs for research programs/projects are identified and who initiates the
processes:
There are various ways in which needs for research are identified. These are discussed below:
i. Using the Development of District Agricultural Development Plans
Decentralization and democratization processes in Tanzania have given more autonomy and power to local authorities and
communities. More than before, clients of research and end-users of agricultural technologies are likely to ask for good research
results and want value for the money they invest.
In the Agricultural Sector Development Program, District Agricultural Development Plans (DADPS) are intended to facilitate
communities and districts to plan for agricultural development. The objective is to impart community members with skills on how
to identify agricultural problems, their causes, effects and possible solutions using participatory approaches. Planning starts at the
village level by producing a Village Development Plan (VDP). Village plans are the assembled at the ward level to compile a Ward
Development Plan (WDP). Finally Ward Development Plans are compiled to produce District Agricultural Development Plans
(DADPs). In these plans issues requiring research are also identified and dealt with ARIs. At the research institution level research
is decentralized, stressing client orientation and the effective delivery of productive, profitable and sustainable technologies for
smallholders through the recent introduction of the “Client-Oriented Research and Development Management Approach (CORDEMA)
across the entire Tanzania NARS. CORDEMA finds its roots in the Farming Systems Research and Extension approach (FSR-E). The
overall goal (i.e. general objective) of the CORDEMA is to increase the level of client orientation of agricultural research and
development institutions through improved management and organization. Within the CORDEMA there is a Zonal Information and
Extension Liaison Unit (ZIELU) based at ZARDI to assemble, assimilate and disseminate information and communication materials.
This Unit is supposed also to assemble researchable problems from the Districts and particularly from the District Development
Plans. The ZIELU sends this information to researchers who thereafter develop research programs which are discussed though
various steps and fora and authorized for implementation by various stakeholders.
ii. Addressing regional and international priorities.
Agricultural research involves the participation of regional and international programs and initiatives for the reason of
effectiveness, collaboration and tapping technology experiences from elsewhere. DRD aligns to regional and international
programs/strategies/organizations such as the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and related CAADP, the Forum
for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA), the Association for the Strengthening of Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central
Africa (ASARECA), the East African Community (EAC), the Southern African Development Community’s (SADC) upcoming Center for
Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA) and the international agricultural research
organizations such as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
iii. Addressing major outbreaks in the agricultural sector in the country e.g plant disease outbreaks
iv. Addressing national identified pr
In 1998, the World Bank renewed its support for Tanzanian agricultural research with the Tanzania Agricultural Research Project
(TARP II, 1998/99-2002/03). With the project budget of US $ 21 million, the project emphasized client-oriented, demand-driven
applied and adaptive research (World Bank, 1997). Under the project, the seven zonal centers for research under Research and
Development Division (DRD) were given greater autonomy to plan and implement research. Specific budgets were allocated to each
institute and responsibility for managing those funds was accorded to the Zonal Directors of Research and Development (ZDRDs)
dubbed as zonal-autonomy.
There have been impressive attempts to expand potential sources of funds to agricultural research institutions while making
research more demand-driven and client oriented. The funding for research has been improving with the beginning of Agricultural
Sector Development Programme (ASDP) under basket fund arrangements whose actual implementation started in FY 2006/07. The
Program is funded by various development partners including the World Bank, IFAD, JICA, Irish Aid and European Union until
2013. In general the funding for agricultural research has been growing at a slower rate since inception of ASDP.
Under ASDP, public agricultural research funding mechanisms moved towards performance-based funding through competitive
agricultural research funds and contract research. There was strong belief that the quality of research systems would increase
under competitive funding arrangement. For instance, under ASDP, the establishment of Zonal Agricultural Research Development
Fund (ZARDEF) for the seven zones gave emphasis for writing research proposals on competitive basis that would ensure high
quality research results with greater participation of key stakeholders in research agenda. However, while competitive funding may
entail high administrative costs, there are also other some limitations of this arrangement as there was concern about what
happens to the researchers who would not be awarded in this grants system. In addition, the funding for ZARDEF is purely donor
dependent – what about if the development partners pull out. It would imply that with the current financing arrangement of the
Fund would not be sustainable.
4.4 Support from regional and international organizations
DRD has well established linkages and collaboration with regional and international organizations such as FARA, ASARECA,
CCARDESA, CIP, ICRISAT, CIMMYT, INIBAP, CIAT, IITA and other research institutions in the CGIAR. Linkages are also established
in: (a) research information exchange (FARA, FAO, CTA, ASARECA, IPGRI, CABI etc) (b) research grants (IFS, , Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation, Farm Africa, AATF, AGRA etc.) (c) Networking (ICRISAT, SARNET, CIMMYT, WARDA, etc.) (d) Scientific meetings,
workshops, and conferences. Currently, main institutions providing financial support to collaborating ARI institutes is shown on
Table 2. The support is provided direct to research activities at the respective zonal research institutions of DRD.
TAFADHALI SHARE HABARI HII KWA RAFIKI ZAKO HAPO CHINI ILI IWAFIKIE NA WENGINE PIA
Pig industry sustains livelihoods of many families in Kenya. Pig rearing has been one of wellestablishedindustry
in Kenya following growing export markets and increasing number of health
conscious consumers. Pig production if efficiently managed has great potentials for increasing
protein supply in Kenya. Smallholder pig farms in Tharaka-Nithi County have been facing
varying and dismal profits. The main objective of this study will be to establish which
institutional arrangements and management factors affect the profit efficiency of small-holder
pig farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique will be
adopted to collect cross sectional data of eighty (80) smallholder pig farmers in Maara
Constituency by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. The work will employ Data
Envelopment Analysis to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers and
stochastic frontier profit function will be used to analyze the factors that affect profit efficiency.
The data will be processed using STATA and DEA Frontier packages. The findings could be
useful to the stakeholders of the pig industry sub sector to formulate policies pertaining to pig
enterprise inputs, marketing issues and financial products and also can establish benchmarks
which can be used as a package for enhancing and stabilizing profit efficiencies of smallholder
pig farmers which in turn could help improve the Kenya economy.
An Overview of Livestock Sub-sector in Kenya Perspectives, Opportunities and Innovations for Market Access for Market Access for Pastoral Producers Recent statistics point that the livestock sub-sector in Kenya accounts for approximately 10% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is 30% of the agricultural GDP. It employs about 50% of the national agricultural workforce and about 90% of the ASAL workforce. 95% of ASAL household income comes from this sub-sector. This is despite the fact that the sector receives only 1 % of the total annual budget allocation. The livestock resource base is estimated at 60 million units comprising of 29 million indigenous and exotic chicken, 10 million beef cattle, 3 million dairy and dairy crosses, 9 million goats, 7 million sheep, 0.8 mi camels, 0.52 mi donkeys and 0.3 million pigs. (Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2003) Kenya is broadly self-sufficient in most livestock products but is a net importer of red meat mostly inform of on-the-hoof animals trekked across the porous boundaries of neighbouring countries- Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Livestock supply in Kenya results from a complex set of interactions between Kenya and its neighbours and the traditional Middle East market and their respective livestock populations, demand and market prices. Kenya is part of a regional market where livestock flow according to markets and price differentials in a liberalized system throughout the region as a whole and where Nairobi represents a focus of demand for the region Supply of red-meat from domestic cattle, shoats and camels falls short of demand, and is almost permanently augmented by a traditional livestock trade drawn in from neighbouring countries, especially Somalia, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia in varying quantities according to demand, which maintains a supply/demand
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