MAAJABU YA MTANDAONI,BOFYA HAPO CHINI HUTAAMINI MACHO YAKO
The basics of chicken farming (in the tropics)
Chicken breeds
There are more than 300 breeds of chickens the world over, most of them being so-called land races
or local breeds. The commercial breeds can be divided into three groups:
a egg producers (lightweight laying breeds)
The most important representative of this group is the Leghorn (WL). Well known characteristics are:
1 high egg production
2 little broodiness
3 low feed consumption
But its value as meat producer is limited and the eggs are white; usually white eggs fetch a somewhat
lower price than brown eggs.
meat and egg producers (dual purpose breeds)
Important representatives of this group are Rhode Island Red (RIR) and New Hampshire (NH).
Characteristics:
1 brown eggs
2 broodiness
3 higher feed consumption than WL
4 better meat producers than WL and less nervous.
meat producers (heavyweight breeds)
White Cornish (WC) and White Plymouth Rock (WPR) are important meat producer breeds. Characteristics:
1 low egg production
2 much broodiness
3 fast-growing chicks
4 high weight at maturity
Beak (the ‘mouth’ of birds)
Chickens have no lips, cheeks or teeth.
The beak is composed of two horny parts: the upper beak is attached to the skull, the lower beak is
hinged.
The feed is picked up after which it passes via the gullet (oesophagus) to a pouch known as the crop.
The passage is by gravity and air pressure differences.
The feed is not chewed. The spittle (saliva) that is produced in the beak contains no digestive juices
and merely serves to make the feed smooth and moist.
With chickens, swallowing is easy due to the elasticity of their gullet.
To drink, chickens are obliged to raise their head, to tip the water into pharynx and gullet.
Crop
The crop softens the feed and serves to store the feed. From here the stomach of the chicken is regularly
replenished with feed.
Glandular stomach (also called first stomach)
This is the enlarged part of the gullet just before its connection with the gizzard. In its wall are many
glands that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes.
TAFADHALI SHARE HABARI HII KWA RAFIKI ZAKO HAPO CHINI ILI IWAFIKIE NA WENGINE PIA
Pig industry sustains livelihoods of many families in Kenya. Pig rearing has been one of wellestablishedindustry
in Kenya following growing export markets and increasing number of health
conscious consumers. Pig production if efficiently managed has great potentials for increasing
protein supply in Kenya. Smallholder pig farms in Tharaka-Nithi County have been facing
varying and dismal profits. The main objective of this study will be to establish which
institutional arrangements and management factors affect the profit efficiency of small-holder
pig farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique will be
adopted to collect cross sectional data of eighty (80) smallholder pig farmers in Maara
Constituency by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. The work will employ Data
Envelopment Analysis to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers and
stochastic frontier profit function will be used to analyze the factors that affect profit efficiency.
The data will be processed using STATA and DEA Frontier packages. The findings could be
useful to the stakeholders of the pig industry sub sector to formulate policies pertaining to pig
enterprise inputs, marketing issues and financial products and also can establish benchmarks
which can be used as a package for enhancing and stabilizing profit efficiencies of smallholder
pig farmers which in turn could help improve the Kenya economy.
An Overview of Livestock Sub-sector in Kenya Perspectives, Opportunities and Innovations for Market Access for Market Access for Pastoral Producers Recent statistics point that the livestock sub-sector in Kenya accounts for approximately 10% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is 30% of the agricultural GDP. It employs about 50% of the national agricultural workforce and about 90% of the ASAL workforce. 95% of ASAL household income comes from this sub-sector. This is despite the fact that the sector receives only 1 % of the total annual budget allocation. The livestock resource base is estimated at 60 million units comprising of 29 million indigenous and exotic chicken, 10 million beef cattle, 3 million dairy and dairy crosses, 9 million goats, 7 million sheep, 0.8 mi camels, 0.52 mi donkeys and 0.3 million pigs. (Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2003) Kenya is broadly self-sufficient in most livestock products but is a net importer of red meat mostly inform of on-the-hoof animals trekked across the porous boundaries of neighbouring countries- Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Livestock supply in Kenya results from a complex set of interactions between Kenya and its neighbours and the traditional Middle East market and their respective livestock populations, demand and market prices. Kenya is part of a regional market where livestock flow according to markets and price differentials in a liberalized system throughout the region as a whole and where Nairobi represents a focus of demand for the region Supply of red-meat from domestic cattle, shoats and camels falls short of demand, and is almost permanently augmented by a traditional livestock trade drawn in from neighbouring countries, especially Somalia, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia in varying quantities according to demand, which maintains a supply/demand
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