Views of some lawmakers on the report of the sand in containers. MP for Kigoma Urban, Zitto Kabwe in his Twitter page he wrote today.

MAAJABU YA MTANDAONI,BOFYA HAPO CHINI HUTAAMINI MACHO YAKO

#MillardAyoBREAKING Utenguzi wa nafasi ya Waziri wa Nishati na Madini, Prof. Sospeter Muhongo leo May 24, 2017 pic.twitter.com/xQBk7fdbaD
— millard ayo (@millardayo) May 24, 2017

Optimizing climate in the house Chickens can tolerate high temperatures but react negatively if they are too warm. Try the following as guideline when designing the poultry house. Build the house in an east-west direction, so the chickens are less exposed to direct sunlight. Place the house where there is grass, herbs or other vegetation. Plant trees around it to keep its roof shaded. Make sure that the roof has a large overhang of 90 cm or more to limit direct sunlight and keep out the rain. Build the roof as high as possible above the floor. The chicken house will then be cooler and better ventilated. Keep the bottom 50 cm of the side walls closed and the rest open to allow enough fresh air into the house. Close the top part of the sidewalls with chicken wire or some other suitable material. A chicken house can have a corrugated metal roof, but in a sunny place, this will certainly overheat the house. In this case cover the roof with leaves or some other material. A disadvantage of this is that rodents like rats and mice can nestle in the covering. Do not keep too many chickens in the chicken house. Doing so can make the house too warm and help to spread parasitic infections. In hard-floor housing, there should be no more than 3 chickens per square meter. In houses with wire netting or slatted floors, a higher chicken density is possible. Finally, to stimulate feeding in cooler weather, turn on a light in the house before sunrise and after sunset. This also helps to keep a steady level of egg production. General prerequisites for a chicken house When building a poultry house, it is not just the climate that is important. The house should also be easy to clean and to disinfect, and should therefore have a concrete floor. In permanent, closed housing, feed should always be available. A constant supply of fresh water is also essential. If the housing is to contain a large number of chickens, a separate working space in front of the house is necessary. Feed can be stored there and eggs can also be kept there temporarily. To prevent Housing 19 the eggs from deteriorating, they should not be kept here longer than one week. It is best to keep the eggs in a cool place, at about 20°C. This can be done by minimising the number of windows in the storage space and only ventilating at night when the air is cooler. 3.3 Some housing options Apart from the extensive free-range systems, there are three main types of chicken housing in extensive and semi-intensive farming: ? housing with a run ? housing with litter but without a run ? housing with slatted flooring. In semi-intensive systems chickens are confined in a wired-in run. There is a small house attached in which chickens can be locked up at night. The owner provides most, if not all, of the feed, water and other requirements. The main function of litter is to prevent leaching of minerals from the manure by providing organic material on which microorganisms can settle that absorb the minerals. Litter also dries the manure and gives the chicken something to scratch around in. Figure 11: A deep litter house with corrugated metal and welded mesh Small-scale chicken production 20 The number of chickens per category that you can keep is determined by the floor type: see table 1. Table 1: Number of animals per square meter and per flo Housing with a run This type of chicken house has one or more fenced-off runs where the chickens can roam. The run is attached to the house, to which the birds have access day and night. We strongly recommend that you have more than one run so that access to the runs can be changed every two weeks. This enables grass or other vegetation to recover from the chickens’ pecking and scratching, and reduces the risk of parasitic infections. Secondly, it is important that the run stays dry. The house must of course also meet the general criteria and suit the local climate. Advantages of a limited run ? The chickens can move in the open air. ? You have more control than with free-range chickens. ? Protection against predators is better than without fencing. ? The risk of infection is smaller than with permanently closed coops. ? Housing density can be a bit higher than it can without a run. Disadvantages of a limited run ? A limited run can get too wet and increase the risk of infection with parasites. ? It is still possible for predators to get at the chickens. Housing with litter but without a run Chickens stay in this type of house day and night. The floor is covered with litter to absorb the moisture of the chickens' faeces. The most Housing 21 important condition for this type of housing is that the litter mus

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Pig industry sustains livelihoods of many families in Kenya. Pig rearing has been one of wellestablishedindustry in Kenya following growing export markets and increasing number of health conscious consumers. Pig production if efficiently managed has great potentials for increasing protein supply in Kenya. Smallholder pig farms in Tharaka-Nithi County have been facing varying and dismal profits. The main objective of this study will be to establish which institutional arrangements and management factors affect the profit efficiency of small-holder pig farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique will be adopted to collect cross sectional data of eighty (80) smallholder pig farmers in Maara Constituency by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. The work will employ Data Envelopment Analysis to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers and stochastic frontier profit function will be used to analyze the factors that affect profit efficiency. The data will be processed using STATA and DEA Frontier packages. The findings could be useful to the stakeholders of the pig industry sub sector to formulate policies pertaining to pig enterprise inputs, marketing issues and financial products and also can establish benchmarks which can be used as a package for enhancing and stabilizing profit efficiencies of smallholder pig farmers which in turn could help improve the Kenya economy. An Overview of Livestock Sub-sector in Kenya Perspectives, Opportunities and Innovations for Market Access for Market Access for Pastoral Producers Recent statistics point that the livestock sub-sector in Kenya accounts for approximately 10% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is 30% of the agricultural GDP. It employs about 50% of the national agricultural workforce and about 90% of the ASAL workforce. 95% of ASAL household income comes from this sub-sector. This is despite the fact that the sector receives only 1 % of the total annual budget allocation. The livestock resource base is estimated at 60 million units comprising of 29 million indigenous and exotic chicken, 10 million beef cattle, 3 million dairy and dairy crosses, 9 million goats, 7 million sheep, 0.8 mi camels, 0.52 mi donkeys and 0.3 million pigs. (Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2003) Kenya is broadly self-sufficient in most livestock products but is a net importer of red meat mostly inform of on-the-hoof animals trekked across the porous boundaries of neighbouring countries- Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Livestock supply in Kenya results from a complex set of interactions between Kenya and its neighbours and the traditional Middle East market and their respective livestock populations, demand and market prices. Kenya is part of a regional market where livestock flow according to markets and price differentials in a liberalized system throughout the region as a whole and where Nairobi represents a focus of demand for the region Supply of red-meat from domestic cattle, shoats and camels falls short of demand, and is almost permanently augmented by a traditional livestock trade drawn in from neighbouring countries, especially Somalia, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia in varying quantities according to demand, which maintains a supply/demand [1.6MB]SIJAAMINI WEMA SEPETU ANACHOKIFAYA HAPO KWENYE HII VIDEO BOFYA UONE