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1.Introduction

Agriculture occupies a very important place in the lives of Tanzanians as well as the national economy. It is estimated that the

country is and can be fully self-sufficient in food and in good years and a net exporter of cereals if there is a reasonable

environment for farmers including reliable and sustainable supply of seed. It should be noted that seeds are not only a strong

symbol for food sovereignty and biodiversity, but also one of the important elements to strengthen small scale farming

communities. In Tanzania there are two types of seed systems: the formal system, which is market-oriented and is developed by

the public and/or private sectors, and the family or community production system which is based mainly on seed self-provisioning

exchanges and gifts among neighbours, and the informal market. The later is a result of many years of farmers’ selection and is

rich in agribiodiversity. Agribiodiversity results from the interaction between the environment, genetic resources and the

management systems and practices used by culturally diverse peoples resulting in the different ways land and water resources are

used for production. It therefore encompasses the variety and variability of plants which are necessary to sustain key functions of

food production and food security. Tanzania has a rich agribiodiversity which has not been tapped by researchers. Farmers are the

owners of the agribiodiversity and its associated local knowledge. Unfortunately agricultural researchers have been trapped in the

formal seed system and have forgotten the informal seed system which continues to feed Tanzanians. It is time now to bring the

two systems together to improve food security, improve seed supply and conserve the agribiodiversity for the benefit of the whole

world.

1.1 Project Background Information

INSARD (Including Smallholders in Agricultural Research for Development) is an EU-funded project working towards making it easier

for civil society organizations (CSOs) – both non-governmental organizations and farmers' organizations - to be actively involved in

influencing agricultural research for development (ARD) systems in Africa. The project is geared to bridge the gap between

researchers and smallholder farmers when setting priorities for research. The project is implemented by six lead partners, three

from Europe and three in Africa:

· Tanzania: ESAFF (Eastern and Southern Africa small scale farmers' Forum); Zambia: PELUM Association (Participatory

Ecological Land Use Management); Senegal: REPAOC (Network of National Platforms of NGOs in Western and Central

Africa); The Netherlands: ETC Foundation; France: GRET, Professionals for fair development.

The Tanzanian INSARD Process

ESAFF together with other likeminded organizations in Tanzania; (MVIWATA, PELUM Tanzania, TCCIA, ANSAF, TOAM, SUA and

SWISSAID) is in the process to prepare brokerage platforms that will bring together small scale farmers, agriculture researchers,

CSOs representatives and policy makers. The platforms will focus at local level (selected communities around the Agriculture

Research Institutes - ARIs) “Ilonga in Morogoro and Hombolo in Dodoma”. While at national level, a Multi-stakeholders National

Conference on Research in Agriculture will be organized. The overall objective is to ensure an informed participation of a broad

range of smallholder farmers, civil society organizations in the formulation and implementation of ARD policies and practice in

Tanzania.

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Specific project tasks:

(a) Conducting a scoping study on the status of research and research institutes in Tanzania and the way how smallholders

are included in setting research priorities in Tanzania.

(b) Organizing local brokerage between farming communities and surrounding ARIs to developed research outlines on local

seeds (maize, sorghum, beans or rice) which draw on interactions between researchers and CSOs/FOs, firmly based in

farmers' own demands

(d) Organizing a national consultative forum on ARD and the state of local seeds research in Tanzania

(e) Creating awareness on the importance of farmer demand research on local seeds

(f) To document and appreciate smallholders owned research and utilization of local seeds. Influenced priority setting for

research institutions as through tripartite platforms/brokerage.

This study contributes to specific objective (a) above involving conducting a Scoping Study on Seeds and Agriculture Research

Processes in Tanzania, the case of small scale farmers participation in setting research agenda

TAFADHALI SHARE HABARI HII KWA RAFIKI ZAKO HAPO CHINI ILI IWAFIKIE NA WENGINE PIA

Pig industry sustains livelihoods of many families in Kenya. Pig rearing has been one of wellestablishedindustry in Kenya following growing export markets and increasing number of health conscious consumers. Pig production if efficiently managed has great potentials for increasing protein supply in Kenya. Smallholder pig farms in Tharaka-Nithi County have been facing varying and dismal profits. The main objective of this study will be to establish which institutional arrangements and management factors affect the profit efficiency of small-holder pig farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique will be adopted to collect cross sectional data of eighty (80) smallholder pig farmers in Maara Constituency by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. The work will employ Data Envelopment Analysis to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers and stochastic frontier profit function will be used to analyze the factors that affect profit efficiency. The data will be processed using STATA and DEA Frontier packages. The findings could be useful to the stakeholders of the pig industry sub sector to formulate policies pertaining to pig enterprise inputs, marketing issues and financial products and also can establish benchmarks which can be used as a package for enhancing and stabilizing profit efficiencies of smallholder pig farmers which in turn could help improve the Kenya economy. An Overview of Livestock Sub-sector in Kenya Perspectives, Opportunities and Innovations for Market Access for Market Access for Pastoral Producers Recent statistics point that the livestock sub-sector in Kenya accounts for approximately 10% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is 30% of the agricultural GDP. It employs about 50% of the national agricultural workforce and about 90% of the ASAL workforce. 95% of ASAL household income comes from this sub-sector. This is despite the fact that the sector receives only 1 % of the total annual budget allocation. The livestock resource base is estimated at 60 million units comprising of 29 million indigenous and exotic chicken, 10 million beef cattle, 3 million dairy and dairy crosses, 9 million goats, 7 million sheep, 0.8 mi camels, 0.52 mi donkeys and 0.3 million pigs. (Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2003) Kenya is broadly self-sufficient in most livestock products but is a net importer of red meat mostly inform of on-the-hoof animals trekked across the porous boundaries of neighbouring countries- Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Livestock supply in Kenya results from a complex set of interactions between Kenya and its neighbours and the traditional Middle East market and their respective livestock populations, demand and market prices. Kenya is part of a regional market where livestock flow according to markets and price differentials in a liberalized system throughout the region as a whole and where Nairobi represents a focus of demand for the region Supply of red-meat from domestic cattle, shoats and camels falls short of demand, and is almost permanently augmented by a traditional livestock trade drawn in from neighbouring countries, especially Somalia, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia in varying quantities according to demand, which maintains a supply/demand [1.6MB]SIJAAMINI WEMA SEPETU ANACHOKIFAYA HAPO KWENYE HII VIDEO BOFYA UONE