MAAJABU YA MTANDAONI,BOFYA HAPO CHINI HUTAAMINI MACHO YAKO
Aquaculture1
The introduction of trout in 1927 from Scotland which was released into streams around Kilimanjaro
and Mbeya regions for sport fishing set the beginning of aquaculture in Tanzania (Balarin, 1985 ).
Proper aquaculture in Tanzania started with experimental ponds in the 1950s stocked with tilapia
fingerlings from Lake Victoria, Congo and Pangani Rivers. Tilapia fingerlings were distributed by the
government to fish farms (both public and private) and to public water reservoirs. By 1960s Tanzania
had some 10,000 ponds with a surface area of 1,000 ha (Mafwenga, 1993). A renewal of aquaculture
development took place in the latter years of 1970s and 1980s. In these two decades, Tanzania
witnessed numerous aquaculture development projects assisted by various donors. By 1990s, many
projects failed to demonstrate their full potential and as a result many donors withdrew from further
supporting aquaculture projects. Despite several interventions attempted aquaculture has not
developed into its anticipated capacity given the existing potential. The contribution of freshwater
aquaculture in Tanzania has remained very low and even declining. The main fresh water fish species
cultured include Nile tilapia African sharptooth catfish (C. gariepinus), Mozambique tilapia (O.
mossambicus Peters 1852) and Zanzibar tilapia (Tilapia hornorum Trewavas 1966), which are cultured
under small scale fish farming, and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum 1792) which is
cultured commercially in Arusha (Madalla, 2009, Shoko et al., 2011). Tilapia, especially Nile tilapia, is
the most widely cultured species and is employed by over 95% of small scale fish farmers in Tanzania.
Other aquaculture activities though to a small extent are crab fattening and milkfish farming in the
coastal areas, and sea weed farming and shrimp culture. According to available data, by 2008
Tanzania was estimated to have a total 14,750 ponds (Shoko et al., 2011). Recent data from the
Department of Aquaculture Development (DAD) shows that the total number of ponds in 2012/13
stood at 19,930 from about 17,511 fish farmers with a total production of about 3,993.8 tons per
year.
3.4 Fish value chain
3.4.1 Fish marketing
Figure 9 illustrates the fish marketing in Tanzania. The marketing chain for the marine and freshwater
fisheries is more complex than the marketing chain for aquaculture fish.
TAFADHALI SHARE HABARI HII KWA RAFIKI ZAKO HAPO CHINI ILI IWAFIKIE NA WENGINE PIA
Pig industry sustains livelihoods of many families in Kenya. Pig rearing has been one of wellestablishedindustry
in Kenya following growing export markets and increasing number of health
conscious consumers. Pig production if efficiently managed has great potentials for increasing
protein supply in Kenya. Smallholder pig farms in Tharaka-Nithi County have been facing
varying and dismal profits. The main objective of this study will be to establish which
institutional arrangements and management factors affect the profit efficiency of small-holder
pig farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County. A multi-stage purposive sampling technique will be
adopted to collect cross sectional data of eighty (80) smallholder pig farmers in Maara
Constituency by the use of semi-structured interview schedules. The work will employ Data
Envelopment Analysis to come up with profit efficiency rankings among the farmers and
stochastic frontier profit function will be used to analyze the factors that affect profit efficiency.
The data will be processed using STATA and DEA Frontier packages. The findings could be
useful to the stakeholders of the pig industry sub sector to formulate policies pertaining to pig
enterprise inputs, marketing issues and financial products and also can establish benchmarks
which can be used as a package for enhancing and stabilizing profit efficiencies of smallholder
pig farmers which in turn could help improve the Kenya economy.
An Overview of Livestock Sub-sector in Kenya Perspectives, Opportunities and Innovations for Market Access for Market Access for Pastoral Producers Recent statistics point that the livestock sub-sector in Kenya accounts for approximately 10% of the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This is 30% of the agricultural GDP. It employs about 50% of the national agricultural workforce and about 90% of the ASAL workforce. 95% of ASAL household income comes from this sub-sector. This is despite the fact that the sector receives only 1 % of the total annual budget allocation. The livestock resource base is estimated at 60 million units comprising of 29 million indigenous and exotic chicken, 10 million beef cattle, 3 million dairy and dairy crosses, 9 million goats, 7 million sheep, 0.8 mi camels, 0.52 mi donkeys and 0.3 million pigs. (Strategy for Revitalizing Agriculture (SRA) 2003) Kenya is broadly self-sufficient in most livestock products but is a net importer of red meat mostly inform of on-the-hoof animals trekked across the porous boundaries of neighbouring countries- Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Livestock supply in Kenya results from a complex set of interactions between Kenya and its neighbours and the traditional Middle East market and their respective livestock populations, demand and market prices. Kenya is part of a regional market where livestock flow according to markets and price differentials in a liberalized system throughout the region as a whole and where Nairobi represents a focus of demand for the region Supply of red-meat from domestic cattle, shoats and camels falls short of demand, and is almost permanently augmented by a traditional livestock trade drawn in from neighbouring countries, especially Somalia, Tanzania, Sudan and Ethiopia in varying quantities according to demand, which maintains a supply/demand
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