TRAINEE’S MANUAL
Purpose: to provide both women and men with sufficient information and knowledge to allow them to farm poultry in a commercial and semi-commercial way, and to decide if they can make money out of the venture.
Objectives: to learn about all aspects of raising poultry for their meat and eggs. Then to develop a business plan which will show them if they can make money out of a poultry farming enterprise operation in their country or region under the present conditions.
Course: there will be trainers who will guide the participants through all aspects of producing poultry. There will be ‘hands on’ practical work, visual demonstrations and a manual that will have diagrams, photographs and illustrations. Towards the end of the course, commercial poultry production will be dealt with in two specialised areas: 1. For meat (broiler) production and 2. For egg production.
Small scale commercial broiler enterprise
1. INTRODUCTION
There is no point in setting up a farming venture unless it can be sustained; that is, it can survive over the long term. Therefore it is essential to make a survey in which key questions must first be answered honestly before the farmer decides to launch into a poultry enterprise in which he or she will have to invest time and precious money.
It is assumed that all trainees have a particular interest, but little information, in setting up a poultry enterprise on a commercial or semi-commercial scale and are here to learn some basic management skills. It is only from practice and experience that the farmer will become an efficient poultry producer and this course forms the foundations of a successful poultry enterprise.
The other important aspect is that the farming of poultry must not harm the environment by polluting water ways with plastic bags, poultry waste or chemicals used in the farming industry for example. Each one of us has the responsibility to protect and improve the land we farm.
Any poultry farm will usually be part of a farming system (vegetables, plantation crops, gardens, special crops, trees, other livestock) and all parts must be catered for and must not be compromised. In other words a new poultry venture will likely be part of the existing system.
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(a) Your first task is to introduce yourself and give us some information on your background. We would like to know what you do, why you are here and a little about your village and family
(b) Now that we know a little about you I will tell you a bit about myself
(c) I am sure that you may have some questions to ask. These may relate to the course or to any other matter. So please ask them
1.1 What will I learn from this course?
At the end of the course you should understand the basic facts about keeping poultry for egg production and meat production.
You should have a good knowledge of
their housing
the different systems of how chickens are kept
their feeding and management
health and hygiene
poultry farming is a business. It is essential to have a business plan
the importance of forming a poultry cooperative or forming an association of producers with the same interests in poultry production
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1.2 Why keep chickens?
Can you make a list of reasons why people keep chickens? There are at least 6 reasons although not all of them apply to your particular situation. Write down what you think here and we will discuss them.
I will add some of the most important reasons that relate particularly to the health of your children.
Chicken meat and eggs contain special proteins that:
Allow your children to grow strong Allow their brain to develop so that they will be clever at school
Allow pregnant mothers to produce healthy babies and to breast feed them
Allow children to be healthy and not to catch cold and coughs
Eggs and meat also contain vitamins and minerals that are essential in your diet
If you decide to raise poultry always remember to keep some meat and eggs for your own family to eat
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1.3 The business of poultry farming
There are many small farmers that are making money out of raising meat birds (broilers) in developing countries. They buy day-old chicks from chick breeders who may be far away and usually sell them live after 7-8 weeks. They also buy their feed in from the nearest feed mill. This may be a long way away and this will mean that feed is expensive. They will need to sell their broilers at a high price.
Because of long distances, and because of unreliable transport, sometimes some chicks arrive sick or dead. If there are enough producers, they can form a co-operative and may be able to establish a small poultry hatchery (see section 14). This will help to make chicken meat production sustainable. A depot can be set up to purchase and store large amounts of feed to sell to the poultry keepers at a cheaper price. Egg producers may also benefit from such an arrangement.
Producing eggs is more difficult than broilers. The day-old chicks are very expensive and you have to wait more than 18 weeks before the hen will lay an egg. They are not easy to rear as they must be grown slowly and according to a plan. They also need to have good housing and nest boxes so there is a higher initial capital cost than growing meat birds. There is usually a shortage of eggs in villages and they may have to be transported long distances to customers so there is often great opportunity to farm commercial hens starting with a few and then expanding. The customer can purchase a few eggs at a time so the financial outlay is less than buying a broiler chicken.
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There may be opportunity for commercial egg production by starting in a small way. We will talk about this later
When you finish this course, we plan to be able to help you with your chicks, their feed supply and the trainers will be able to give you advice. You will see during the course that there are different ways to keep laying hens and broiler chickens
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1.4 Background information
You will need to look at all aspects of commercial poultry production before you decide to become a poultry farmer
This means that you will have to seek out information in a survey
On the basis of this information you will make a business plan. This will tell you how much money you can expect to make (or lose) each year
A good business plan will allow you to go to the bank to borrow money to get your commercial poultry farm started
You will not start with a feasibility study now but towards the end of the course when you will know more about poultry and what farming poultry entails. But you should look at this from time to time throughout the course at the questions that need to be answered so that you can gather the necessary information.
End of Unit I
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UNIT II
2. POULTRY BREEDS
There are many different breeds of chickens. We will only mention here those that have commercial potential (meat and/or eggs).
Dual Purpose. These are used to produce both meat and eggs such as Rhode Island Reds or Plymouth Rock.
Today, for large – scale commercial production they do not produce enough eggs
nor do they grow fast enough for meat production
they eat too much feed
they are not very efficient in converting feed to eggs and meat
Dual purpose breeds may have a role to play where it is not possible to get better breeds or conditions are not ideal or feed is not of the best quality
Special Breeds. These have been selected for egg production
the White Leghorn was very popular for many years
it has a small body (1.5 kg) and lays many white eggs
the Black Australorp is another popular breed
it is very docile (quiet) and lays a tinted (light brown) egg
it is medium-heavy body weight (2.2 kg) and therefore eats quite a lot of feed
it is good for free-range (out doors) conditions as it is not flighty
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Hybrids. In the commercial world today only hybrids (cross-breeds) selected for either meat or egg production (not both) are used. Because of hybrid vigour
they lay more eggs than special and dual purpose breeds
they lay large, brown or white eggs
they eat less feed per kg of weight gain for meat or per kg of eggs
the male chicks from hybrid layers grow very slowly and normally have to be killed. They are usually too expensive to rear but it depends on feed costs and circumstances
the hybrid broilers grow faster than pure breeds
they produce more meat especially breast meat than the pure breeds
Hybrid chicks are only available to the small farmer through a breeding company. The farmer will not have the parent breeding stock and therefore can not breed these chicks himself. Replacement pullets must be bought in but are not always available in remote areas.
3. POULTRY HOUSING
There are many reasons why poultry should have a well-constructed house
to protect them from floods, rain and the sun
to protect them from predators - dogs, cats, snakes, birds of prey, rats and thieves
to prevent mice, rats and other birds from eating their feed and transmitting disease
to give hens a safe place to lay their eggs
You must protect your chickens from predators
What are the basic requirements for a poultry house?
It must be
rain proof
protect the birds from direct sunlight and keep them cool
must have good drainage around the house
easy to clean
have a strong door with a secure lock
Chickens must be protected from the weather
Housing will likely be your biggest investment and to cut
Costs, local material can be used. Positioning of the
house is important to conform to some of the basic requirements (mentioned above). High ground will stop flooding in rain storms
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Sketches of a simple poultry house for keeping about 250 broiler chickens or 120 laying hens on the floor (barn system)
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3.1 Floor
The floor must be:
flat and smooth and easy to clean
have a good depth of litter cover (sawdust, shavings, dried grass, leaves, chopped straw, rice hulls, crushed coffee hulls, peanut hulls)
3.1.1 Litter
should be raked weekly
changed every two batches of meat birds or every batch of layers
makes excellent fertiliser for your garden
makes an excellent compost when mixed with leaves, grass, vegetable waste etc
Fresh poultry manure must be stored for a few months, otherwise it might burn plants.
Adequate floor space for birds is most important particularly in regions where it is always hot. If they are too crowded broilers will not grow well
Remove manure from empty house and replace with clean litter
4. EQUIPMENT
4.1 Drinkers
Give your birds, clean, fresh water. You can make your own drinkers or buy them.
They must be adjusted to the correct height so that birds can drink easily.
4.2 Feeders
Poultry must have continual access to feed in properly-adjusted feeders, otherwise they will not grow or lay well. These can also be made from local material, or purchased.
Feeders must always have a lid to stop birds from entering the feeder
An inexpensive spring balance for weighing birds, feed, eggs and other things, you will find to be very useful.
[Unit II. Trainees will now visit the demonstration site to discuss the poultry house and how much a similarly equipped house will cost and what improvements/changes could be made. Use of old litter to make compost or to spread on the garden will also be discussed]
End of Unit II
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UNIT III
5. BROODING
This is a term which means, keeping chicks warm and comfortable.
When your baby chicks arrive they will need special care. This is the time when you can expect a few chicks to die. In tropical countries it may not be necessary to provide extra heat during the day but only at night and then only for the first 10 days.
Dead chicks should be removed and buried in a hole in the ground. Sick and weak chicks should be kept separately and given special care
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Chicks should be given water immediately and some may need to be shown how to drink
Electricity may be unreliable or unavailable and a small kerosene lamp can provide heat
Weak chicks need to be watched carefully. They rarely survive. Often it is better to get rid of them
The chicks are placed in a brooder made from cardboard or woven bamboo, leaves or grass
It may be necessary to provide extra heat only during the night
Chicken brooder
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A cold-box brooder can be used but only for up to 50 chicks. It needs no heat source. The chicks keep each other warm in an insulated box. This box will be especially useful in warm countries for brooding at night. The brooding compartment is surrounded with straw or dried grass for insulation. The other compartment is for a feeder and drinker and a lid of wire mesh to let in the light and protect the chicks. The lid over the brooding area is insulated (e.g. polystyrene)
6. FEEDING
Feed is 60-70% of the costs of producing commercial poultry.
Feed is the major constraint (difficulty) to producing poultry in developing countries
Compounded (mixed) feed is expensive. There may be no feed mill and mixed feed is not readily available in many regions.
Feed may have to come a long distance and probably will be very expensive and unreliable so you have to order well in advance.
Often, only very few suitable ingredients (feedstuffs) are produced in the country and most are imported.
Fish meal (rarely) or fish waste, also palm kernel meal, brewery waste, copra meal, wheat bran and rice bran, broken rice may be available. But these are largely inadequate for formulating a high – quality, commercial poultry diet especially for broilers
Feed ingredients are mixed according to a special recipe to provide a balanced diet
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Baby chicks need a feed of the highest quality. That is one that is especially high in good quality protein (e.g. soybean meal, fishmeal) to match the protein found in meat and eggs
Chicks also need a source of feed energy (wheat bran, cassava, cereal grains) to make them grow well
Chicks also need other nutrients (minerals and vitamins) but only in small amounts
A specialist person formulates (puts together) diets suitable for chickens. That person should also give you good advice on what to and how to feed your poultry
If some feedstuffs are available locally, farmers who receive the right advice may want to mix their own ingredients
First there is a need to get in a stock of the raw materials (ingredients). You will need to weigh out the ingredients or have containers which will hold known weights of different feedstuffs
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The feedstuffs must be thoroughly mixed with a shovel or in a home-made mixer. It can be made from a drum. Also a cement mixer can be used.
Do not store your feed for too long
Weevils will quickly destroy your feed
Ingredients and the mixed feed must be stored in a dry place and safe from birds and rats
6.1 Choice feeding
Sometimes it is better to let the birds select their own feed and balance their diet themselves. This is called choice feeding or self-selection. Feed ingredients are not mixed together but are placed in separate feeders (about 3) and the chickens in this way make a choice. There are only certain situations where this can be done, usually when the birds are on the ground or the floor.
Sometimes a grain balancer ration is available from the feed mill. This special feed (high in protein) will allow local ingredients to be used and the balancer meets those
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nutrients that are still deficient in the locally - available ingredients. This allows the birds to select a complete diet.
